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Where the Hispanic Students Are (And Aren’t)

A new report that examines the reasons why nearly half of all Latino undergraduates enroll in just six percent of the nation’s colleges classified as “Hispanic serving institutions” offers important implications for other universities looking to attract such students, says Deborah A. Santiago, author of “Choosing Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs): A Closer Look at Latino Students’ College Choices.”

“These students who went to HSIs looked at cost … location and accessibility. Whereas those who went to more selective institutions, they looked at financial aid, prestige and academic programs,” says Santiago, vice president for policy and research at Excelencia in Education, a group focused on Hispanic higher education issues that released the policy brief Thursday. The attention to sticker price among students enrolling in the nation’s 236 HSIs — which tend to be public, less expensive and less selective — in addition to these students’ failure to recognize “qualitative differences between institutions,” should show more-selective colleges that they must promote their financial aid offerings at the same time that they educate Hispanics on variations in quality, she says.

“How do you educate the students about [quality issues] in addition to the fact that their tuition and fees might be covered?” Santiago says, in framing the challenge for colleges.

Hispanic serving institutions, defined by the federal government as institutions where Hispanic students comprise at least a quarter of undergraduate enrollment, are defined by their enrollment, not their missions. Nearly half of all HSIs are public two-year colleges, 60 percent have open admissions, and the average tuition rate for public four-year HSIs (representing about 20 percent of all such institutions) is, at $1,590, less than half the average in-state tuition at public four-year institutions generally ($3,400). With their commitment to access, HSIs have evolved into “uniquely community institutions of first choice for Latino students,” the report notes, cautioning that their general lack of selectivity should not be mistaken to suggest they “are not quality institutions of higher education,” too.

But while Hispanic students do not report being influenced by an institution’s HSI status in choosing their colleges, the colleges’ low costs, accessibility and locations in and near Latino communities “align with Latino student priorities and needs and explain why many students choose HSIs,” finds the report, which is based on interviews with students. Meanwhile, the majority of high-achieving students at HSIs, defined in the report as those with a high school grade point average of 3.1 or higher on a 4.0 scale, say “that the quality of the academic program was not the determining factor in their college choice.”

In contrast, Hispanics attending more selective institutions — who are less likely to be first-generation college students than their peers at HSIs — are more sensitive to the quality of academic programs and college reputations, and are more likely to live further from their families. Although cost is also an issue for these students, they are less sensitive to sticker price, and more likely to choose the college that offers the best financial aid package.

Whereas their high-achieving peers at HSIs are less likely to have even applied for financial aid, and are more likely to have turned down loans, the study finds. Many live at home to cut costs — only 7 percent of Latino undergraduates live on campus, compared to 14 percent of all undergraduates. At each focus group the researchers conducted at Hispanic serving institutions, the report finds, “students stated they chose their institution because they believed they could get a quality education there without having to go into debt.”

“We had students tell us that ‘college is college…. You can get the same education anywhere — why go elsewhere and pay more?’ ” says Santiago.

“These students are making very pragmatic decisions — not bad choices, but based on priorities different than conventional wisdom would dictate. That I think has implications for institutions across the country … so that you don’t just presume that college choices are based solely on prestige and academic programs.”

Elizabeth Redden

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Comments

The choice is not a failure

Why does Redden describe Hispanics’ reasons for choosing a college as a “failure” to recognize quality? I find that insulting and I’m not Hispanic.

The statistics mentioned at the end of the article are a non-issue. That first-generation college students stay close to home and make college choices based on price, and that second-generation college students are less likely to do so, transcends ethnicity and is no revelation.

The key factor to consider is the level of education among Hispanics. What percentage of the Hispanic population has college degrees? What is the percentage of first-generation Hispanic students within their ethnic group, compared to other ethnic groups?

I’m just searching for what is “news” in this article and I’m not finding much.

Tom McCool, at 7:55 am EDT on August 17, 2007

Hispanic students who are college bound

I live and work in a city whose population is at least 50% Hispanic. I would like to hear from other schools who have been successful in recruiting Hispanic students to “come on in.” I think our tuition is about normal for middle class students — there aren’t any hidden fees, except many supplies for a course which might amount to $100. I would like to know what our university could do to make Hispanics feel more welcome. I am aware they come from a different culture than mine — would that be a way we could welcome them in? We have several Hispanics living in our neighborhood and my daughter has almost all Hispanics living in hers. We are both trying to learn to communicate with some basic Spanish. Would a push for faculty to learn Spanish, or an extra stipend for faculty to learn at least conversational Spanish be of value? I have many interests in this subject and would like to hear from universities or community colleges that have succeeded in attacting Hispanics. By the way, Hispanics are not the only ones who make decisions about colleges based on cost,value and other pertinent issues. Those of us who have come from working families also do the same thing. That is one thing we have in common.

Susan Sanders, Curator of Visual Resources at University of Memphis, at 9:45 am EDT on August 17, 2007

Best students I’ve ever taught

My first job was at an HSI on the West coast. Besides many Latino/a students, our student body reflected a great deal of racial and religious diversity. While some students didn’t come to college with traditional academic skills, most of my students brought a sense of pragmatism and worldliness to the classroom that made up for the fact that they might have missed reading Catcher In the Rye or Hamlet.

I learned that some of my assumptions were no longer valid with this student demographic; for instance, I was accustomed to working with students who had the freedom to move to the grad program that best suited them regardless of its location. At my HSI, grad-school bound students would almost always look for a local program due to area ties of family & work (this generally applied to all of my students, Latino or not).

My HSI students were the best students I’ve ever had the pleasure to teach, mostly because they wanted to be there and in some cases moved mountains to get themselves into that classroom. I think it’s important that the hows and whys of students’ college choices are being studied, but it’s also important to note that within those HSI’s there are students who are getting exactly what they want and need in an education.

Professor G., Assistant Professor, at 10:00 am EDT on August 17, 2007

Hispanic Institutions

The Hispaic student aren’t choosing HSIs — they are HSIs because Hispanic students choose to go there. The question is what makes the institutions attractive — location and cost, of course, but what else?

Laurie Richli, Director, PFF at Claremont Graduate University, at 10:50 am EDT on August 17, 2007

Spanish

“Would a push for faculty to learn Spanish, or an extra stipend for faculty to learn at least conversational Spanish be of value?”

Maybe if they want to go to college they should learn how to communicate with their professors in English. If they want to speak Spanish they can go speak with a Spanish professor. Why should professors be forced to accomodate someone elses refusal to learn the language of the country they are living in and benefiting from?

English Speaker, at 10:50 am EDT on August 17, 2007

Low Quality?!

FUD Diverse Issues in Higher Ed published a list of the Top 100 baccalaureate producing institutions in the U.S. and Cal is high on the list with Stanford also making it.

Just maybe Hispanics are smart enough to go to the good institutions where they live?

Russel, at 11:30 am EDT on August 17, 2007

Whoa there, English Speaker

English Speaker, I think you went off on your own track in your response to the question of professors learning Spanish as one way to make universities more welcome to Hispanic students.

Trust me. Students at HSI’s speak very good English. We are not talking about international students, we’re talking about American students who are bilingual. As a gringa working at an HSI, I’m in the process of learning Spanish because....it’s useful to speak another language. And if the language is valued by the university, yes, students and parents feel more welcome.

There was an article recently, perhaps in the Chronicle, about a college in Illinois that made some changes to make their school more inviting to Hispanic students. As I recall, students and professors were able to improve their skills in *both* languages.

I know it’s hard for many Americans to believe, but learning another language is an asset. Try it sometime—you might like it!

La Guera, at 12:35 pm EDT on August 17, 2007

Sense of Belonging

Aforementioned, many topics around college decisions for traditionally underrepresented students are not surprisingly new. The fact that first-generation college students and ethnic minorities sometimes find post-secondary education foreign, expensive, and unfamiliar can be socially and culturally understood.

One study by Cabrera, Saenz, & Espinosa (2007) looked at Chiacna/o student transition. They found that a racially hospitable climate is significantly related to social/emotional adjustment and college satisfaction. They also found that the relevance of coursework and social self-confidence positively contributed to Chicana/o integration outcomes.

It seems that creating a college environment that supports and promotes Hispanic heritage is very helpful for Hispanic transition. Creating an academic culture that communicates specifically to this population might help attract and retain a larger number of Hispanic students. This may also partially explain, beyond the proximity and financial feasibility, why many Hispanic students continue to attend HSI’s.

Dan, Hispanic transition, at 12:35 pm EDT on August 17, 2007

I work at a California HSI and there is no need to know Spanish and really no benefit to it. Many of my students are bilingual but I rarely hear anyone speaking Spanish. It is more useful to understand Hispanic culture and the lives of the students. If you ask them they will tell you about themselves.

I find myself resenting the implication that an HSI is not a top university, by definition. We are listed among the top 10 polytechnics in the nation, with the #4 engineering department. Are Ivy Leagues the only schools considered top universities? We are the #1 provider of graduates to local employers, not the nearby UC, even though both campuses have the same number of students.

I’ve always hated the old saying “you are who you teach.” I am the same person when teaching different students. Why should the status of a school be dictated by its exclusivity? That reflects an anti-democratic attitude anathema to those of us who prefer to teach in more egalitarian settings.

I was snubbed as a postdoc at Harvard and I am not Hispanic, just too Californian perhaps. I suspect that our students recognize that feeling valued and being treated with respect is more important than whatever dubious benefit might come from being treated badly at an elite institution.

Chuck, at 3:15 pm EDT on August 17, 2007

Where the Hispanic Students Are (and Aren’t)

I appreciate when a white student (La Guera) speaks up about the importance and advantages of knowing more than one language. We have recruited about 15-20 students from a Texas market for years and have been very successful with graduation and retention. In addition to an adequate financial aid package, we have found that making Latino students feel comfortable on campus is extremely important. Iowa winters can be bitter (-20 below sometimes)and they still stay and succeed. We have found, not surprisingly, that Latino students will go to great lengths to graduate from a university provided they are given an opportunity. They miss home, family, friends, etc but they also know they can return home upon completion of school. Some do return and others stay for graduate school and settle in the midwest. Latino students are resilient and determined. All we need to do is provide the opportunity.Roland Carrillo

Roland Carrillo, Director, Financial Aid at University of Northern Iowa, at 3:15 pm EDT on August 17, 2007

The article doesn’t really say whether the study found that being Hispanic had anything to do with these choices.

For one thing, the distribution of Hispanic students across the country is not even, so insofar as students don’t travel far to go to college, HSI’s are created. A student’s decision to go to one of these schools then isn’t based on its status as an HSI, but on its being nearby, in exactly the same way as non-Hispanic students choose to go to schools.

Likewise, do they take into account socio-economic status? Do Hispanic students go to community colleges in numbers appropriate for their economic distribution?

Sloppy.

Jack, at 6:10 pm EDT on August 17, 2007

Calling All Hispanic Scholars

Dr. Santiago, I suspect, was simply reporting current statistics on the IHE’s that many Hispanic students choose to attend. The reasons for attending a particular IHE are varied and in many cases, very personal. What matters to me is the absence of Hispanic under-graduates and graduate students who seek the kind and level of jobs available in the US Department of Education (ED). As a Senior Research staff person in ED, I am dismayed that so few applicants ever appear at our doorstep. To compound the problem, I manage a portfolio of education R&D contractors that employ many leading scholars, faculty, and graduate students. Yet, I can count the # of Hispanics on one hand. I fault IHE Hispanic faculty for part of the problem—they simply are not mentoring, training, or hiring enough Hispanic college students to eventually the fill the many slots available. Worse, very few of them are they engaged in the research arena. What gives?

Gil Narro Garcia, at 10:05 am EDT on August 30, 2007

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